The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

  dismiss the value of replication
  reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested
  exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome
  overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

  naturalistic observation
  illusory correlation
  overconfidence
  the standard deviation

A hypothesis is a(n)

  observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables
  testable prediction that gives direction to research
  set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts
  unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underline psychological functioning

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

  is based on naturalistic observation
  may be unrepresentative of what is generally true
  overestimates the importance of operational definitions
  leads us to underestimate the casual relationships between events

Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support "welfare" than "aid to the needy." These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of

  random sampling
  wording effects
  the placebo effect
  naturalistic observation

Our tendency to notice and remember instances in which a premonition of an unlikely phone call is actually followed by the call most clearly contributes to

  random assignment
  an illusory correlation
  replication
  the placebo effect

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

  defies the laws of statistical probability
  illustrates the phenomenon of illusory correlation
  is inconsistent with the placebo effect
  is a random and coincidental occurrence

Participants in an experiment are said to be "blind" if they are uninformed about

  the experimental hypothesis being tested
  whether the experimental findings will be statistically significant
  how the dependent variable is measured
  which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving

An inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a

  placebo
  median
  case study
  replication

Random assignment minimizes ____ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes _____ between a sample and a population

  similarities ; differences
  differences ; similarities
  similarities ; similarities
  differences ; differences

Psychological study animals because

  animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior
  experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical
  the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines
  similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior

The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the

  usefulness of studying biological processes in animals
  ethics of placing the well-being of humans about that of animals
  obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality
  need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research

Psychologists' personal values and goals

  are carefully tested by means of observation and experiments
  lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants
  can bias their observations and interpretations
  have very little influence on the process of scientific observation

The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because

  psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes
  psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions
  psychological research necessitates performing stressful experiments on people
  psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights